Asperity data storage system, method and medium

ABSTRACT

An asperity data storage system wherein asperities are used to represent stored data. The asperity data storage system includes an asperity transducer that thermally interacts with a data storage medium adapted to store an information-encoded pattern of asperities thereon, such as a rotatable disk, a streamable tape, or a fixed medium. A drive system produces relative motion between the data storage medium and the asperity transducer, while electrical signals corresponding to the asperities are processed as stored information. A positional relationship can be maintained between the asperity transducer and the data storage medium using the asperities on the data storage medium for reference. A related asperity data storage method and the asperity data storage medium itself are further disclosed.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 11/260,049,filed on Oct. 27, 2005, and entitled “Asperity Data Storage System,Method And Medium.”

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to data storage systems, such as disk drives,tape drives and the like. More particularly, the invention is directedto a new form of data storage system that does not rely on magnetic,optical or magneto-optical means to store and retrieve information.

2. Description of the Prior Art

By way of background, data storage systems such as disk drives and tapedrives conventionally implement magnetic, optical or magneto-opticalrecording and playback techniques to store and retrieve information on apassive storage medium. Magnetic storage devices utilize magneticdomains on a magnetic storage medium to represent stored data. Duringdata readback operations, a magneto-resistive read head senses changesin the magnetic moments of the magnetic domains and generates a readbacksignal corresponding to the recorded information. Optical storagedevices utilize pits formed on an optical storage medium to representstored data. During data readback operations, an optical read headdirects a laser light beam onto the storage medium. When the pits areencountered, the phase of the reflected light changes and produces areadback signal corresponding to the recorded information.Magneto-optical storage devices utilize perpendicularly orientedmagnetic domains on a magneto-optical storage medium to represent storeddata. During data readback operations, a read head directs a laser lightbeam onto the storage medium. The magnetic domains on the medium rotatethe polarization vector of the incident light beam upon reflection, thusproducing a readback signal corresponding to the recorded information.

It is to new techniques for storing information that the presentinvention is directed. In particular, instead of employing conventionalmagnetic, optical and magneto-optical storage methods as describedabove, a data recording and playback system that relies on head-mediaphysical (including contact) interactions is considered for use in adata storage system.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention presents an asperity data storage system (havingread and/or write components), a method and a medium wherein asperitiesare used to represent stored data. In accordance with one aspect of theinvention, an asperity data storage system includes an asperitytransducer for thermally interacting with a data storage medium adaptedto store an information-encoded pattern of asperities thereon. A drivesystem produces relative motion between the data storage medium and theasperity transducer by moving the data storage medium relative to theasperity transducer or visa versa. Channel circuitry processeselectrical signals corresponding to the asperities as storedinformation. The foregoing system can be implemented to operate witheither a removable data storage medium or a non-removable data storagemedium constructed as part of the system. Transducer positioningcircuitry can be provided to control a positional relationship betweenthe asperity transducer and the data storage medium using the asperitieson the data storage medium for reference.

The asperity data storage system of the invention can be implemented asa data retrieval system, with the asperity transducer comprising anasperity reader. In an exemplary construction, the asperity reader canbe fabricated as a thin-film structure having a substrate layer, a firstinsulative layer on the substrate layer, a sensor layer on the firstinsulative layer, a second insulative layer on the sensor layer, and aclosure layer on said second insulative layer.

The asperity data storage system of the invention can also beimplemented as a data recording system, with the asperity transducercomprising an asperity writer. In an exemplary construction, theasperity writer can be fabricated as one of a laser writer, animprinting writer, a laser print head writer, and an ink jet print headwriter. The foregoing may be adapted to operate on a nano-scale, suchthat high density asperities are formed using techniques such asnano-imprinting, nano-indenting, nano-particle deposition, etc.

The asperity transducer can be constructed as a combined asperity readerand an asperity writer, such that the asperity data storage systemfunctions as both a data retrieval and recording system.

In further exemplary constructions, the data storage system of theinvention can be implemented as an asperity disk drive in which the datastorage medium comprises a rotatable disk and the asperity transducer ismounted on a slider carried by an actuator arm. Alternatively, theasperity data storage system of the invention can be implemented as anasperity tape drive in which the data storage medium comprises astreamable tape and the asperity transducer is mounted on a tape head oron a helical scanning drum.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, an asperity datastorage method is provided in which an information-encoded pattern ofasperities on a data storage medium is used to represent storedinformation, and thermal interactions with the asperities are used totransduce the information. In accordance with this method, asperities onthe data storage medium may further be used as a reference formaintaining a positional relationship between an asperity transducer andthe data storage medium. The foregoing method can be used to implement adata retrieval operation wherein the asperity pattern is read from thedata storage medium. The method can also be used to implement a datarecording operation wherein the asperity pattern is written to the datastorage medium. The storage medium could be a rotatable disk, astreamable tape, or a fixed medium.

In accordance with a further aspect of the invention, a data storagemedium is provided in which an information-encoded pattern of asperitiesis used to represent stored information. The asperities are constructedto thermally interact with a sensor whose electrical resistance istemperature dependent. Asperities on the data storage medium may befurther used as a reference for maintaining a positional relationshipbetween a transducer and the data storage medium. The data storagemedium can be implemented as a non-removable or removable disk, a tape,or otherwise.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing and other features and advantages of the invention will beapparent from the following more particular description of preferredembodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanyingDrawings, in which:

FIGS. 1A, 1B and 1C are diagrammatic illustrations depicting differentkinds of asperities that are known to affect conventional magneticstorage devices;

FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic illustration of an asperity reader inaccordance with the present invention that reads an information-encodedpattern of asperities on a data storage medium;

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of an exemplary construction of theasperity reader of FIG. 2;

FIG. 3A is a cross-sectional view taken along line 3-3 in FIG. 3 showingalternative sensor layer geometries affecting thermal diffusivity of theFIG. 3 asperity reader;

FIG. 3B is a cross-sectional view taken along line 3-3 in FIG. 3 showingthe use of an optional heat shield and sensor layer configurationaffecting thermal diffusivity of the FIG. 3 asperity reader;

FIG. 3C is a cross-sectional view taken along line 3-3 in FIG. 3 showingthe use of another optional heat shield and sensor layer configurationaffecting thermal diffusivity of the FIG. 3 asperity reader;

FIG. 3D is a cross-sectional view taken along line 3-3 in FIG. 3 showingthe use of still another optional heat shield and sensor layerconfiguration affecting thermal diffusivity of the FIG. 3 asperityreader;

FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B are perspective views of a sensor layer of theasperity reader of FIG. 3 showing changes in voltage drop across theleads thereof when an asperity is proximate thereto;

FIGS. 5A, 5B, 5C and 5D are diagrammatic illustrations of alternativeconstructions of an asperity writer in accordance with the inventionthat writes an information-encoded pattern of asperities on a datastorage medium;

FIG. 6 is a plan view of a data storage disk medium storing aninformation-encoded pattern of asperities;

FIG. 7A is a plan view of a data storage tape medium storing a linearinformation-encoded pattern of asperities;

FIG. 7B is a plan view of a data storage tape medium storing a helicalinformation-encoded pattern of asperities;

FIG. 8 is a perspective view of an asperity disk drive constructed inaccordance with the present invention;

FIG. 9A is a perspective view of an asperity tape drive constructed inaccordance with the present invention that employs linear informationencoding;

FIG. 9B is a perspective view of an asperity tape drive constructed inaccordance with the present invention that employs helical informationencoding;

FIG. 10 is a functional block diagram showing an asperity subsystem thatmay be incorporated in an asperity data storage system of the invention,such as the disk drive of FIG. 8 or the tape drive of FIG. 9;

FIGS. 11A, 11B and 11C are functional block diagrams showing the use ofdifferent kinds of asperity transducers in the asperity subsystem ofFIG. 10.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

I. Introduction

The invention will now be described by way of exemplary embodimentsshown by the drawing figures (which are not necessarily to scale), inwhich like reference numerals indicate like elements in all of theseveral views.

Turning to FIGS. 1A, 1B and 1C, a discussion of asperities and theireffect on magnetic head-media interactions will be briefly set forth toacquaint the reader with physics principals underlying operation of thepresent invention. In FIG. 1A, a magnetic disk drive slider 2 carries aread/write head 4 that is assumed to incorporate a magneto-resistiveread element and a magneto-inductive write element. As the disk 6rotates in the direction of the arrow 8, the slider 2 is carried on anair bearing that causes the head 4 to be positioned at a very smalldistance from the nominal upper disk surface 11. This distance isreferred to as the flying height of the slider 2 and is shown byreference numeral 12. The distance 12 can also be referred to as thehead-disk air gap.

It will be seen in FIG. 1A that the disk 6 is not perfectly flat orsmooth. Rather, as is well known in the disk drive art, the disk 6 willnormally have a number of irregularities on its upper surface. One ofthese is shown as a raised protruberance 14 that extends above thenominal upper disk surface 10. As the disk 6 rotates beneath the slider2 and the slider is moved around from track to track during read/writeoperations, the protruberance 14 will at some point pass under theread/write head 4. If the protruberance 14 is tall enough, it will causecontact between the disk and the read/write head 4. This contact maycause frictionally induced heating of the read/write head 4. Suchheating will cause the magneto-resistive read element of the read/writehead 4 to experience a proportional increase in resistance local to thepoint of contact. The effect of this frictionally induced heating andresistance increase is to produce a momentary change in readback signal,which is considered undesirable in conventional magnetic disk drives. Inthe disk drive art, an imperfection on a magnetic disk surface thatcauses contact with a read/write head, such as the protruberance 14, issometimes referred to as a “contact thermal asperity” or “contact TA.”

FIG. 1B illustrates the same components as shown in FIG. 1A, the onlydifference being that there is a smaller raised protruberance 16 on thedisk 6 instead of the larger protruberance 14. The protruberance 16 issmall enough that its does not cause contact between the disk and theread/write head 4. However, the protruberance 16 produces changes inreadback signal strength by changing the thermodynamic equilibriumbetween the read/write head 4 and the disk 6. This thermodynamicequilibrium is achieved as a result of heat generated by themagneto-resistive read element of the read/write head 4 during readoperations being dissipated (in part) across the air gap 12 to the disk6 at a relatively constant rate (provided the size of the air gap isrelatively constant). The protruberance 16 upsets the thermalequilibrium by reducing the size of the air gap 12 as the protruberancepasses under the read/write head 4. This allows more heat to dissipatefrom the magneto-resistive read element to the disk 6, causing amomentary decrease in read element temperature, and a proportionaldecrease in resistance. The effect of this cooling and resistancedecrease is to produce a momentary change in readback signal. In thedisk drive art, a raised imperfection on a magnetic disk surface that isnot large enough to cause contact with a read/write head 4, such as theprotruberance 16, is sometimes referred to as a “positive non-contactthermal asperity” or “positive non-contact TA.” The protuberance 16 mayalso be referred to as a “cooling asperity,” insofar as it produces readelement cooling.

FIG. 1C illustrates the same components as shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, theonly difference being that there is a depression 18 on the disk 6instead of a protruberance 14 or 16. The depression 18 produces changesin readback signal strength in a manner that is analogous to the effectproduced by the non-contacting protruberance 16, except with an oppositeresult. In particular, the depression 18 upsets the thermal equilibriumbetween the read/write head 4 and the disk 6 by increasing the size ofthe air gap 12 as the depression passes under the read/write head 4.This allows less heat to dissipate from the magneto-resistive readelement to the disk 6, causing a momentary increase in read elementtemperature, and a proportional increase in resistance. The effect ofthis heating and resistance increase is to produce a momentary change inreadback signal strength. In the disk drive art, a low spot on amagnetic disk surface, such as the depression 18, is sometimes referredto as a “negative non-contact thermal asperity” or “negative non-contactTA.” The depression 18 may also be referred to as a “heating asperity,”insofar as it produces read element heating.

Turning now to FIG. 2, the present invention contemplates a new form ofdata storage wherein asperities (positive or negative, contacting ornon-contacting), shown by reference numeral 20, are purposely placed ona storage medium 22 in an encoded pattern in order to influence anasperity reader 24 in close proximity thereto. More particularly, as thestorage medium moves in the direction of the arrow 26 (this directionbeing arbitrary), each asperity 20 will cause an impulsive (e.g.,approximately 1 microsecond) temperature change in the asperity reader24 that produces a proportional change in resistance and a correspondingchange in readback signal. The change in readback signal can beprocessed by a read channel 28 that is adapted to interpret the changeas information to produce an output representing informationcorresponding to the encoded pattern of asperities 20 on the medium 22.The read channel 28 can be based on the design of a conventional diskdrive or tape drive read channel. However, modifications are required sothat the thermal asperity readback signal is isolated, amplified andotherwise processed to provide the desired information signal, insteadof being filtered out or otherwise eliminated, as is common inconventional read channel circuitry.

The asperities 20 represent discrete regions on the medium surface thatare elevated or depressed relative to the neighboring surface. They canbe localized, typically to a few micrometers or less. Ideally, theasperities 20 are durable in the sense that they are not worn downduring use. As described in more detail below, the asperities 20 can beformed using several methods, each of which produces asperities havingunique characteristics.

II. Asperity Reader

The asperity reader 24 can be implemented using a temperature sensitivethin film resistor, the electrical resistance of which increases ordecreases during the thermal event. As discussed relative to FIGS.1A-1C, a conventional magneto-resistive read head typically hastemperature-dependent electrical resistance properties and thus could beused to provide the sensing portion (sensor) of the asperity reader 24.Exemplary materials that may be used to provide the sensor includetantalum (Ta) and platinum (Pt).

FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary design 30 that may be used to constructthe asperity reader 24 for use in either a disk drive or a tape driveimplementation of the invention. The asperity reader design 30 is basedon thin film fabrication techniques of the type commonly used toconstruct magneto-resistive read elements. A multilayer structure isthus contemplated wherein a hard disk drive-type ceramic substratematerial such as Aluminum Oxide-Titanium carbide (AlTiC) is used to formas a relatively thick ceramic substrate layer 32. An insulative materialsuch as alumina is deposited onto the ceramic substrate layer 32 to forma relatively thin first insulative layer 34. A sensor layer 36 (sensor)having a temperature-dependent electrical resistance is formed on thefirst insulative layer 34. As indicated above, the sensor 36 can befabricated using tantalum, platinum or any other material with suitableresistive properties. A relatively thin second insulative layer 38 isformed on the sensor 36. A thin closure layer 40 made from (for example)hard ceramic similar to the substrate material or the like is formed onor bonded to the insulative layer 38. The thicknesses of the variouslayers 32-40 of the asperity reader design 30 can be selected accordingto design requirements and taking into account the relative heattransfer characteristics of the materials chosen. A lineartemperature-resistance profile for the asperity reader 24 is acceptable,but is not required insofar as appropriate compensation circuitry can beprovided in the read channel 28 to provide a desired readback signal.

The thermal pulse amplitude for a cooling asperity on the medium 22 is afunction of the power dissipation of the sensor 36, the thermaldiffusivity of the sensor plus neighboring films, and the detailed shapeof the asperity itself. For example, for a given cooling asperity, thetime constant for temperature change (ignoring the temperature rise ofthe asperity itself) is calculated by the product R*C, where R is theparallel combination of the thermal resistance between the sensor 36 andthe remainder of the asperity reader 24 and the characteristic thermalresistance for heat flow from the sensor 36 into the asperity (e.g., indegrees Celsius per watt), and where C is the characteristic heat(thermal) capacity of the sensor 36 (e.g., in Joules per degreeCelsius). The characteristic thermal resistance value R is (in part) afunction of the thermal resistance of the gap between the sensor and themedium 22. The characteristic heat capacity value C indicates theability of the sensor 36 to store heat and represents the amount ofenergy required to raise the temperature of the sensor by one degree, orconversely, the amount of energy that needs to be transferred out of thesensor 36 to drop its temperature by one degree. The time constant fortemperature change (R*C or RC) is the time required for the sensor 36 toreach 63.2% of its maximum temperature differential when undergoing atemperature change event. High diffusivity corresponds to low RC. Forthe sensor 36, a high thermal diffusivity value (low RC) thus meansthere will be a rapid large temperature drop in the brief time periodthat the sensor is influenced by an asperity, which translates to largepulse amplitude.

The response of the sensor design 30 to cooling asperities can thereforebe adjusted by altering its thermal diffusivity. Apart from sensormaterial selection, the thermal diffusivity of the sensor 36 is largelydictated by its geometry. For example, as shown in FIG. 3A, one way toincrease thermal diffusivity is to reduce sensor thermal resistance, forexample by increasing the cross-sectional area for heat flow from thesensor to the medium. As shown in FIG. 3B, another way that thermalresistance can be reduced is to provide a heat sink shield 46 in closeproximity to the sensor 36. The shield 46 can be a thin film-depositedmetal, such as one of the alloys of iron, nickel or cobalt commonly usedin magnetic head fabrication, except that the shield does not possesmagnetic properties. The sensor 36 transfers heat to the shield 46, andthe shield 46 dissipates heat into the medium 22, thereby increasing thethermal diffusivity of the sensor 36, depending on its design. Generallyspeaking, shield volume and specific heat must be considered whendesigning for low heat capacity C, for lowering the sensor's RC value.Although not shown in FIG. 3B, a second shield 46 could be placed on theopposite side of the sensor 36, thereby further reducing thermalresistance (like fins on a conventional transistor heat sink). FIG. 3Cshows another construction that illustrates the sensor 36 at a locationwhich is recessed from the air bearing surface. In comparison to FIG.3B, this minimizes the cross-sectional area of the sensor-shieldstructure at the air bearing surface, thereby allowing higher arealasperity densities on the medium 22. FIG. 3D also shows another recessedsensor construction with shields 46 on both sides of the sensor 36.

Returning now to FIG. 3, and as further illustrated in FIGS. 4A and 4B,the side portions of the sensor 36 can be extended perpendicularly awayfrom the plane of the medium 22 to provide leads 42 for attachment to asense current source, such as the read channel 28 (see FIG. 2). When thesense current is applied, a voltage drop will develop across the leads42 according to the net electrical resistance of the sensor 36. Asindicated above, the electrical resistance of the material of the sensor36 will vary depending on its temperature. FIG. 4A illustrates a firststate of the sensor layer 36 wherein there is no asperity proximatethereto on the medium 22. A hypothetical voltmeter 44 placed across theleads 42 indicates a first voltage level. FIG. 4B illustrates a secondstate of the sensor layer 36 wherein there is an asperity 20 proximatethereto moving at the velocity of the medium 22. The hypotheticalvoltmeter 44 placed across the leads 42 now shows a second voltage levelthat is different than the first. In particular, if the sensor 36 has apositive temperature coefficient, and if the asperity 20 is a contactthermal asperity as shown in FIG. 1A, or a negative non-contact thermalasperity as shown in FIG. 1C, the second voltage level will be higherthan the first voltage level due to an asperity-inducedtemperature/resistance increase in the sensor 36. If the asperity 20 isa positive non-contact thermal asperity as shown in FIG. 1B (and thesensor layer 36 has a positive temperature coefficient), the secondvoltage level will be lower than the second voltage level due to anasperity-induced temperature/resistance decrease in the sensor 36. Afterthe asperity 20 moves past the sensor 36, the effects of the asperitywill be quickly removed, the resistance of the sensor will return to itsoriginal level, and first voltage level will resume. As persons skilledin the art will appreciate, the read channel 28 can be designed so thatthe momentary change in voltage level caused by the asperity 20 isinterpreted as information, such as a digital “1” or “0.”

It should be further understood that the signal response characteristicsof the sensor 36 can be controlled by asperity geometry and operatingcharacteristics. Relative to asperity geometry, the height of theasperities 20 will influence readback signal-to-noise ratio. Fornon-contact asperity configurations, the temperature/resistance changein the sensor 36 will be greatest when positive asperities are tall andnegative asperities are deep. Thus, asperity height is a candidate forincreasing storage density. For contact asperity configurations, thehigher the relative speed between the medium 22 and the sensor 36, thelarger the signal. This means that data access burst speeds can beincreased without sacrificing performance, and perhaps even increasingperformance.

III. Asperity Writer

Turning now to FIGS. 5A-5D, there are a number of ways that theasperities 20 can be formed on the medium 22 in accordance with theinvention. In FIG. 5A, the asperities 20 are formed using a texturingwriter 50A constructed, for example, as a laser writer that directs alaser beam 52 onto the medium 22. The asperities 20 may thus be createdby way of laser texturing. This process is best suited for producingnegative non-contact asperity configurations (heating asperities), butcould also be used to produce contact and positive non-contactasperities (cooling asperities), by removing material on each side of anasperity to be defined. In FIG. 5B, the asperities 20 are formed usingan impact writer 50B constructed as an imprinting writer that impressesa stylus 54 into the medium 22. The asperities 20 may thus be created byway of indenting. This process is again best suited for producingnegative non-contact asperity configurations (heating asperities), butcould also be used to produce contact and positive non-contactasperities (cooling asperities). In FIG. 5C, the asperities 20 areformed using a toner writer 50C constructed as a laser print head thatapplies toner 56 onto the medium 22 after it has been scanned with apattern-defining laser. The asperities 20 may thus be created by way oflaser toner printing. This process is best suited for producing contactor positive non-contact asperity configurations (cooling asperities),but could also be used to produce negative non-contact asperities(heating asperities) by depositing material on each side of an asperityto be defined. In FIG. 5D, the asperities 20 are formed using an ink jetwriter 50D constructed as an ink jet print head that applies ink 58 ontothe medium 22. The asperities 20 may thus be created by way of ink jetprinting. This process is again best suited for producing contact orpositive non-contact asperity configurations (cooling asperities), butcould also be used to produce negative non-contact asperities (heatingasperities). It will be appreciated that other techniques for formingthe asperities 20 may also be used in accordance with the invention.

For any of the foregoing asperity writing techniques, nanotechnologyprinciples may be brought to bear on the asperity formation process.Thus, the laser writer of FIG. 5A, the impact writer of FIG. 5B, thetoner writer of FIG. 5C and the inkjet writer of FIG. 5D, may all beconstructed using nanofabrication techniques in order to create highdensity nanoscale asperities. The present invention thus contemplateshigh density asperities being formed using techniques such asnano-imprinting, nano-indenting, nano-particle deposition, etc. Forexample, arrays of carbon-60 spheres (so-called “Bucky Balls”) may beused for encoding data.

IV. Asperity Data Storage Systems

The principles of the present invention can be embodied in either a diskdrive storage system or a tape drive storage system, or perhaps someother data storage system not based on disk or tape media, such assystems in which a storage medium is fixed and a transducing apparatushaving one or more transducers moves relative to the medium (e.g., asper the arrangement used in highly parallel very dense AFM data storagesystems). FIG. 6 represents an enlarged plan view of a rigid (orflexible) disk medium 60 wherein the asperities 20 shown in FIG. 2 arerecorded in concentric tracks 62 in a manner analogous to the recordingof data on magnetic, optical and magneto-optical disks. Asperities thatrepresent user data can be formed in data sectors 64. Servo sectors 66may also be provided in which asperities representing informationanalogous to magnetic disk servo fields are formed for positioning anasperity reader and/or writer relative to the disk medium 60. FIG. 7Arepresents an enlarged plan view of a flexible tape medium 70A whereinthe asperities 20 shown in FIG. 2 are recorded in linear tracks 72A in amanner analogous to the linear recording of data on magnetic tape.Asperities that represent user data can be formed in data sectors 74A.Servo sectors 76A may also be provided in which asperities representinginformation analogous to magnetic tape servo fields are formed forpositioning an asperity reader and/or writer relative to the tape medium70A. FIG. 7B represents an enlarged plan view of a flexible tape medium70B wherein the asperities 20 shown in FIG. 2 are recorded in helicaltracks 72B in a manner analogous to the helical recording of data onmagnetic tape. Asperities that represent user data can be formed in datasectors 74B. Servo sectors 76B may also be provided in which asperitiesrepresenting information analogous to magnetic tape servo fields areformed for positioning an asperity reader and/or writer relative to thetape medium 70B. The media 60, 70A and 70B may be either uncoated orcoated using conventional materials.

A. Asperity Disk Drive

Turning now to FIG. 8, an exemplary asperity disk drive 80 is shown thatmay be constructed in accordance with the principles of the presentinvention. The disk drive 80 includes a base casting 82 that supportsdrive components (not shown) for spinning a disk 84 at high rotationalspeed. The disk 84 can be either fixedly mounted in the disk drive 80,or it could be removable. If the disk 84 is fixed, other disks (notshown) may also be carried by the drive components to form a spacedvertically stacked disk platter arrangement. The disk 84 is formed froma suitable disk substrate that is capable of being configured with apattern of asperities, as shown in FIG. 6. For example, disk 84 could bemade from the same material used to manufacture magnetic, optical ormagneto-optical disks.

Data access to the disk 84 is achieved with the aid of anactuator/suspension 86 that is mounted for rotation relative to the basecasting 82. The free end of the actuator/suspension 84 mounts atransducer-carrying slider 86 that mounts an asperity transducer (notshown in FIG. 8) constructed in accordance with the present invention.As described in more detail below in connection with FIG. 10, thisasperity transducer can be implemented using the asperity reader 24 ofFIG. 2, or any of the asperity writers 50A-50D of FIGS. 5A-5D, or as amerged head that combines an asperity reader and an asperity writer soas to be capable of performing asperity read/write operations. As isconventional, the actuator/suspension 86 moves the slider 88 generallyradially across the surface of the disk 84 so that the transducer isable to trace concentric data tracks on the disk. As further describedin more detail below relative to FIG. 10, the asperity disk drive 80further includes onboard electronics that allow it to communicate with ahost, such as a general purpose computer or other information processingsystem.

B. Asperity Tape Drive

Turning now to FIG. 9A, an exemplary asperity tape drive 90 is shownthat may be constructed in accordance with the principles of the presentinvention. The asperity tape drive 90 includes a slot 92 for receiving atape cartridge 94 into engagement with an internal tape interface system(not shown). The tape cartridge 94 carries a tape medium 96 within ahousing 98. The tape medium 96 is formed from a suitable tape substratethat is capable of being configured with a linear pattern of asperities,as shown in FIG. 7A. For example, tape medium 96 could be made from thesame material used to manufacture magnetic recording tape.

The tape medium is carried on a supply reel 100 and feeds a take up reel102 around an optional capstan tape guide roller 104. Although notshown, the internal tape interface system within the tape drive 90conventionally includes a pair of drive motors that are adapted toengage and drive the supply reel 100 and the take-up reel 102 when thecartridge 94 is inserted in the slot 92. In addition, an asperitytransducer (not shown in FIG. 9A) will be operatively positionedrelative to the tape medium 96 when the cartridge 94 is so engaged. Asdescribed in more detail below in connection with FIG. 10, this asperitytransducer can be implemented using the asperity reader 24 of FIG. 2, orany of the asperity writers 50A-50D of FIGS. 5A-5D, or as a merged headthat combines an asperity reader and an asperity writer so as to becapable of performing asperity read/write operations. As furtherdescribed in more detail below relative to FIG. 10, the asperity tapedrive 90 additionally includes onboard electronics that allow it tocommunicate with a host, such as a general purpose computer or otherinformation processing system.

FIG. 9B illustrates an alternative asperity tape drive 105 that employsa helical encoding scheme in which a tape medium 106 streams aroundguide rollers 107 and across the surface of an obliquely angled rotatingdrum 108. An asperity transducer 109 is operatively mounted on the drum108 to scan the tape medium 106 in helical fashion (as per FIG. 7B). Asdescribed in more detail below in connection with FIG. 10, the asperitytransducer 109 can be implemented using the asperity reader 24 of FIG.2, or any of the asperity writers 50A-50D of FIGS. 5A-5D, or as a mergedhead that combines an asperity reader and an asperity writer so as to becapable of performing asperity read/write operations. As furtherdescribed in more detail below relative to FIG. 10, the asperity tapedrive 105 additionally includes onboard electronics that allow it tocommunicate with a host, such as a general purpose computer or otherinformation processing system.

C. Asperity Drive Subsystem

Turning now to FIG. 10, a functional block diagram illustrates anexemplary asperity drive subsystem 110 that may be used to implementeither the asperity disk drive 80 of FIG. 8, the asperity tape drive 90of FIG. 9A, or the asperity tape drive 105 of FIG. 9B. The asperitydrive subsystem 110 includes plural components providing control anddata transfer functions for reading and/or writing host data on anasperity disk or tape medium in one or more tracks for the benefit of ahost 112. By way of example only, such components may include a channeladapter 114, a microprocessor controller 116, a data buffer 118, aread/write data flow circuit 120, a motion control/servo control system122, and a media interface system 124 that includes a motor driver unit125 and an asperity transducer 126.

The microprocessor controller 116 provides overhead controlfunctionality for the operations of all other components of the asperitysubsystem 110. As is conventional, the functions performed by themicroprocessor controller 116 can be programmed via microcode routines(not shown) according to desired storage system operationalcharacteristics. During data write operations (with all dataflow beingreversed for data read operations), the microprocessor controller 116activates the channel adapter 114 to perform the required host interfaceprotocol for receiving an information data block. The channel adapter114 communicates the data block to the data buffer 118 that stores thedata for subsequent read/write processing. The data buffer 118 in turncommunicates the data block received from the channel adapter 114 to theread/write dataflow circuitry 120, which formats the device data intophysically formatted data that may be recorded on an asperity storagemedium. The read/write dataflow circuitry 120 is responsible forexecuting all read/write data transfer operations under the control ofthe microprocessor controller 116. Formatted physical data from theread/write circuitry 120 is communicated to the media interface system124.

As stated, the media interface system 124 includes a motor driver unit125 and an asperity transducer 126. The motor driver unit 125 containscomponents for controlling the movement between an asperity medium 128,be it a disk, tape or fixed medium, and an asperity transducer 126 inoperational proximity thereto. For example, if the asperity drivesubsystem 110 is implemented in the disk drive 80 of FIG. 8, the drivecomponents of the media interface system 124 will be controlled by themotion control system 122 and the motor driver circuit 125 to executesuch actions as spinning the disk medium 84 up and down, andmanipulating the transducer/suspension 86 to position thetransducer-carrying slider 88 during such track positioning operationsas seek, settle and track following. Note that conventionalservo-control techniques can be used with servo sectors recorded asasperity servo information. By way of further example, if the asperitydrive subsystem 110 is implemented in the linear tape drive 90 of FIG.9A, the drive components of the media interface system 124 will becontrolled by the motion control system 122 and the motor driver circuit125 to execute such actions as forward and reverse recording andplayback, rewind and other tape motion functions. In addition, in amulti-track tape drive system, the motion control system 122 willtransversely position the tape drive's asperity transducer(s) relativeto the direction of longitudinal tape movement in order to read or writedata in a plurality of tracks. Note that head servo-control can beaccomplished using tape edges and/or tracks with prewritten asperityservo information. Compensating for tape width changes can beaccomplished via in situ calibration prior to reading.

The asperity transducer 126 can be implemented as part of the transducercarrying slider 88 in the asperity disk drive 80 of FIG. 8, or as a tapehead transducer in the asperity tape drive 90 of FIG. 9A or the tapedrive 105 of FIG. 9B. In each environment, the asperity transducer unit126 can embody (1) an asperity reader 130 of the type shown anddescribed in connection with FIGS. 3, 4A and 4B, or (2) an asperitywriter 140 of the type shown in FIGS. 5A-5B, or (3) both. In the firstconfiguration, which is shown in FIG. 11A, a read-only capability wouldbe provided in a manner analogous to a conventional CDROM drive. In thesecond configuration, which is shown in FIG. 11B, a write-onlycapability would be provided in a manner that is analogous toconventional devices used to produce prerecorded storage media. In thethird configuration, which is shown FIG. 11C, a read-write capabilitywould be provided in a manner analogous to a conventional magnetic diskor tape drive or an optical or magneto-optical disk drive withwrite-once-read-many data recording capability.

V. Conclusion

Accordingly, an asperity data storage system, method and medium havebeen disclosed. Applications for the inventive subject matter include,but are not limited to, those requiring immunity from the degradingeffects that magnetic fields can have on conventional magnetic storagemedia, applications involving high readback speeds (which actuallyincrease asperity detection), and applications involvingWrite-Once-Read-Many (WORM) media that require long shelf life. Theachievable asperity areal densities that can be read back by an asperityreader as described above are expected to be on the order of 1×10⁶ to1×10⁷ asperities per square inch, or better. The limit is set by theasperity characteristics and by the thermal response of the asperityreader. When the asperities are closer together than severalmicrometers, the cooling pulses will begin to overlap, making decodingmore difficult. In general, it is advantageous to have the sensordimensions smaller than those of the asperities for ease of decoding.Because the asperities are written along discrete tracks, the trackpitch needs to be large enough to prevent two sensors from detecting thesame asperity. Track pitch and linear densities are on the order of 10micrometers.

While various embodiments of the invention have been shown anddescribed, it should be apparent that many variations and alternativeembodiments could be implemented in accordance with the teachingsherein. For example, in addition to using an asperity reader asdisclosed herein for reading asperity patterns representing storedinformation, such a reader could be used for characterizing asperitydistributions on magnetic recording media, where asperities aregenerally undesirable. The disclosed asperity reader could be used, forexample, in a tape transport system that runs the tape media atrelatively high speed, such as 10-20 meters/second. This high speedmakes some asperities more easily detected and counted. This could helpa manufacturer understand and monitor media surface quality.

It is understood, therefore, that the invention is not to be in any waylimited except in accordance with the spirit of the appended claims andtheir equivalents.

1. A data storage system, comprising: an asperity transducer forthermally interacting with a data storage medium and adapted to storenon-servo user data as an information-encoded pattern of asperitiesthereon; said asperity transducer having a thermal diffusivity and timeconstant for temperature change that is selected to produce a desiredthermal pulse amplitude; a drive system adapted to produce relativemotion between said data storage medium and said asperity transducer;and channel circuitry adapted to process electrical signalscorresponding to said asperities as stored information.
 2. A system inaccordance with claim 1 in combination with a data storage medium havingan information-encoded pattern of nano-imprinted, nano-indented ornano-particle deposited asperities stored thereon representing non-servouser data.
 3. A system in accordance with claim 2 further includingtransducer positioning circuitry adapted to control a positionalrelationship between said asperity transducer and said data storagemedium using asperities on said data storage medium for reference.
 4. Asystem in accordance with claim 1 wherein said system comprises a dataretrieval system and said asperity transducer comprises an asperityreader.
 5. A system in accordance with claim 4 wherein said asperityreader comprises a sensor positioned relative to an air bearing surfaceof said reader,said sensor having one or more of (1) a cross-sectionalarea at said air bearing surface configured to provide said selectedthermal diffusivity and time constant for temperature change, (2) a heatsink shield on one or more sides of said sensor at said air bearingsurface to provide said selected thermal diffusivity and time constantfor temperature change, or (3) a heat sink shield on one or more sidesof said sensor that extends to said air bearing surface and said sensorbeing recessed from said air bearing surface to provide said selectedthermal diffusivity and time constant for temperature change.
 6. Asystem in accordance with claim 1 wherein said system comprises a datarecording system and said asperity transducer comprises an asperitywriter.
 7. A system in accordance with claim 6 wherein said asperitywriter comprises one of a laser writer, a imprinting writer, a laserprint head writer, and an ink jet print head writer.
 8. A system inaccordance with claim 1 wherein said asperity transducer comprises anasperity reader and an asperity writer.
 9. A system in accordance withclaim 2 wherein said system comprises an asperity disk drive in whichsaid data storage medium comprises a rotatable disk and said asperitytransducer is mounted on a slider carried by an actuator arm.
 10. Asystem in accordance with claim 2 wherein said system comprises anasperity tape drive in which said data storage medium comprises astreamable tape and said asperity transducer is mounted on a tape headfor either linear or helical scanning.